> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://paul-gleason.gitbook.io/sys-300-linux-from-scratch/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://paul-gleason.gitbook.io/sys-300-linux-from-scratch/milestones/milestone-3-chapter-6-and-7.md).

# Milestone 3 (Chapter 6 and 7)

## Chapter 6 Cross Compiling Temporary Tools

### 6.2.1. Installation of M4

Prepare M4 for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

#### 6.3.1. Installation of Ncurses

First, ensure that **gawk** is found first during configuration:

```
sed -i s/mawk// configure
```

Then, run the following commands to build the “tic” program on the build host:

```
mkdir build
pushd build
  ../configure
  make -C include
  make -C progs tic
popd
```

Prepare Ncurses for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr                \
            --host=$LFS_TGT              \
            --build=$(./config.guess)    \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man      \
            --with-manpage-format=normal \
            --with-shared                \
            --without-normal             \
            --with-cxx-shared            \
            --without-debug              \
            --without-ada                \
            --disable-stripping          \
            --enable-widec
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS TIC_PATH=$(pwd)/build/progs/tic install
echo "INPUT(-lncursesw)" > $LFS/usr/lib/libncurses.so
```

### 6.4.1. Installation of Bash

Prepare Bash for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr                      \
            --build=$(sh support/config.guess) \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                    \
            --without-bash-malloc
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

Make a link for the programs that use **sh** for a shell:

```
ln -sv bash $LFS/bin/sh
```

### 6.5.1. Installation of Coreutils

Prepare Coreutils for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                   \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \
            --enable-install-program=hostname \
            --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

Move programs to their final expected locations. Although this is not necessary in this temporary environment, we must do so because some programs hardcode executable locations:

```
mv -v $LFS/usr/bin/chroot              $LFS/usr/sbin
mkdir -pv $LFS/usr/share/man/man8
mv -v $LFS/usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 $LFS/usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
sed -i 's/"1"/"8"/'                    $LFS/usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
```

### 6.6.1. Installation of Diffutils

Prepare Diffutils for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

### 6.7.1. Installation of File

The **file** command on the build host needs to be the same version as the one we are building in order to create the signature file. Run the following commands to make a temporary copy of the **file** command:

```
mkdir build
pushd build
  ../configure --disable-bzlib      \
               --disable-libseccomp \
               --disable-xzlib      \
               --disable-zlib
  make
popd
```

Prepare File for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT --build=$(./config.guess)
```

Compile the package:

```
make FILE_COMPILE=$(pwd)/build/src/file
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

Remove the libtool archive file because it is harmful for cross compilation:

```
rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/libmagic.la
```

### 6.8.1. Installation of Findutils

Prepare Findutils for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr                   \
            --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                 \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

### 6.9.1. Installation of Gawk

First, ensure some unneeded files are not installed:

```
sed -i 's/extras//' Makefile.in
```

Prepare Gawk for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

### 6.10.1. Installation of Grep

Prepare Grep for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

### 6.11.1. Installation of Gzip

Prepare Gzip for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

### 6.12.1. Installation of Make

First, fix an issue identified upstream:

```
sed -e '/ifdef SIGPIPE/,+2 d' \
    -e '/undef  FATAL_SIG/i FATAL_SIG (SIGPIPE);' \
    -i src/main.c
```

Prepare Make for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --without-guile \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

### 6.13.1. Installation of Patch

Prepare Patch for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

### 6.14.1. Installation of Sed

Prepare Sed for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

### 6.15.1. Installation of Tar

Prepare Tar for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                   \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

### 6.16.1. Installation of Xz

Prepare Xz for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                   \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \
            --disable-static                  \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.2.7
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

Remove the libtool archive file because it is harmful for cross compilation:

```
rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/liblzma.la
```

### 6.17. Binutils-2.39 - Pass 2

Delete contents of the build folder

```
cd build/
rm -rf ./*
```

Prepare Binutils for compilation:

```
../configure                   \
    --prefix=/usr              \
    --build=$(../config.guess) \
    --host=$LFS_TGT            \
    --disable-nls              \
    --enable-shared            \
    --enable-gprofng=no        \
    --disable-werror           \
    --enable-64-bit-bfd
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

Remove the libtool archive files because they are harmful for cross compilation, and remove unnecessary static libraries:

```
rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/lib{bfd,ctf,ctf-nobfd,opcodes}.{a,la}
```

### 6.18. GCC-12.2.0 - Pass 2

Delete contents of the build folder

```
rm -rf gcc-12.2.0
tar xf gcc-12.2.0.tar.xz
```

As in the first build of GCC, the GMP, MPFR, and MPC packages are required. Unpack the tarballs and move them into the required directories:

```
tar -xf ../mpfr-4.1.0.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.1.0 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.2.1.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.2.1 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.2.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.2.1 mpc
```

If building on x86\_64, change the default directory name for 64-bit libraries to “lib”:

```
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
  ;;
esac
```

Override the building rule of libgcc and libstdc++ headers, to allow building these libraries with POSIX threads support:

```
sed '/thread_header =/s/@.*@/gthr-posix.h/' \
    -i libgcc/Makefile.in libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.in
```

Create a separate build directory again:

```
mkdir -v build
cd       build
```

Now prepare GCC for compilation:

```
../configure                                       \
    --build=$(../config.guess)                     \
    --host=$LFS_TGT                                \
    --target=$LFS_TGT                              \
    LDFLAGS_FOR_TARGET=-L$PWD/$LFS_TGT/libgcc      \
    --prefix=/usr                                  \
    --with-build-sysroot=$LFS                      \
    --enable-default-pie                           \
    --enable-default-ssp                           \
    --disable-nls                                  \
    --disable-multilib                             \
    --disable-decimal-float                        \
    --disable-libatomic                            \
    --disable-libgomp                              \
    --disable-libquadmath                          \
    --disable-libssp                               \
    --disable-libvtv                               \
    --enable-languages=c,c++
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
```

As a finishing touch, create a utility symlink. Many programs and scripts run **cc** instead of **gcc**, which is used to keep programs generic and therefore usable on all kinds of UNIX systems where the GNU C compiler is not always installed. Running **cc** leaves the system administrator free to decide which C compiler to install:

```
ln -sv gcc $LFS/usr/bin/cc
```

## Chapter 7 Entering Chroot and Building Additional Temporary Tools

### 7.2. Changing Ownership

```
chown -R root:root $LFS/{usr,lib,var,etc,bin,sbin,tools}
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) chown -R root:root $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac
```

<figure><img src="/files/hNXsk3ZWm7E4a0S7Bt3f" alt=""><figcaption><p>ls -l $LFS</p></figcaption></figure>

### 7.3. Preparing Virtual Kernel File Systems

creating directories onto which the file systems will be mounted

```
mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys,run}
```

#### 7.3.1. Mounting and Populating /dev

```
mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/dev
```

#### 7.3.2. Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems

Now mount the remaining virtual kernel filesystems:

```
mount -v --bind /dev/pts $LFS/dev/pts
mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc
mount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sys
mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs $LFS/run
```

In some host systems, `/dev/shm` is a symbolic link to `/run/shm`. The /run tmpfs was mounted above so in this case only a directory needs to be created.

```
if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
  mkdir -pv $LFS/$(readlink $LFS/dev/shm)
fi
```

## 7.4. Entering the Chroot Environment

```
chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i   \
    HOME=/root                  \
    TERM="$TERM"                \
    PS1='(lfs chroot) \u:\w\$ ' \
    PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin     \
    /bin/bash --login
```

<figure><img src="/files/mY99Bb4zhKdP34DG8sTP" alt=""><figcaption><p>Chroot Environment</p></figcaption></figure>

## 7.5. Creating Directories

Create some root-level directories that are not in the limited set required in the previous chapters by issuing the following command:

```
mkdir -pv /{boot,home,mnt,opt,srv}
```

Create the required set of subdirectories below the root-level by issuing the following commands:

```
mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{include,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/local/{bin,lib,sbin}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}

ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock

install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp
```

### 7.6. Creating Essential Files and Symlinks

```
ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab
```

Create a basic `/etc/hosts` file to be referenced in some test suites, and in one of Perl's configuration files as well:

```
cat > /etc/hosts << EOF
127.0.0.1  localhost $(hostname)
::1        localhost
EOF
```

Create the `/etc/passwd` file by running the following command:

```
cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/usr/bin/false
uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generation Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
nobody:x:65534:65534:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
EOF
```

The actual password for `root` will be set later.

Create the `/etc/group` file by running the following command:

```
cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
kvm:x:61:
uuidd:x:80:
wheel:x:97:
users:x:999:
nogroup:x:65534:
EOF
```

We add this user here and delete this account at the end of that chapter.

```
echo "tester:x:101:101::/home/tester:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd
echo "tester:x:101:" >> /etc/group
install -o tester -d /home/tester
```

To remove the “I have no name!” prompt, start a new shell. Since the `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group` files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now work:

```
exec /usr/bin/bash --login
```

The **login**, **agetty**, and **init** programs (and others) use a number of log files to record information such as who was logged into the system and when.&#x20;

```
touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 664  /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 600  /var/log/btmp
```

### 7.7. Gettext-0.21

#### 7.7.1. Installation of Gettext

For our temporary set of tools, we only need to install three programs from Gettext.

Prepare Gettext for compilation:

```
./configure --disable-shared
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the **msgfmt**, **msgmerge**, and **xgettext** programs:

```
cp -v gettext-tools/src/{msgfmt,msgmerge,xgettext} /usr/bin
```

### 7.8. Bison-3.8.2

#### 7.8.1. Installation of Bison

Prepare Bison for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.8.2
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make install
```

### 7.9. Perl-5.36.0

#### 7.9.1. Installation of Perl

Prepare Perl for compilation:

```
sh Configure -des                                        \
             -Dprefix=/usr                               \
             -Dvendorprefix=/usr                         \
             -Dprivlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.36/core_perl     \
             -Darchlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.36/core_perl     \
             -Dsitelib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.36/site_perl     \
             -Dsitearch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.36/site_perl    \
             -Dvendorlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.36/vendor_perl \
             -Dvendorarch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.36/vendor_perl
```

**The meaning of the new Configure options:**

*`-des`*

This is a combination of three options: -d uses defaults for all items; -e ensures completion of all tasks; -s silences non-essential output.

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make install
```

### 7.10. Python-3.10.6

#### 7.10.1. Installation of Python

Prepare Python for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --enable-shared \
            --without-ensurepip
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make install
```

### 7.11. Texinfo-6.8

#### 7.11.1. Installation of Texinfo

Prepare Texinfo for compilation:

```
./configure --prefix=/usr
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make install
```

### 7.12. Util-linux-2.38.1

#### 7.12.1. Installation of Util-linux

The FHS recommends using the `/var/lib/hwclock` directory instead of the usual `/etc` directory as the location for the `adjtime` file. Create this directory with:

```
mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclock
```

Prepare Util-linux for compilation:

```
./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime    \
            --libdir=/usr/lib    \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.38.1 \
            --disable-chfn-chsh  \
            --disable-login      \
            --disable-nologin    \
            --disable-su         \
            --disable-setpriv    \
            --disable-runuser    \
            --disable-pylibmount \
            --disable-static     \
            --without-python     \
            runstatedir=/run
```

Compile the package:

```
make
```

Install the package:

```
make install
```

### 7.13. Cleaning up and Saving the Temporary System

#### 7.13.1. Cleaning

First, remove the currently installed documentation to prevent them from ending up in the final system, and to save about 35 MB:

```
rm -rf /usr/share/{info,man,doc}/*
```

Second, the libtool .la files are only useful when linking with static libraries.&#x20;

```
find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete
```

It uses about 1 GB of disk space.

```
rm -rf /tools
```